Getting Around Kazakhstan

Air

Domestic air travel is a common and efficient means of transportation within Kazakhstan, given the country's vast size and the significant distances between major cities.

Major Domestic Airlines:
• Air Astana: As the national carrier, Air Astana operates numerous domestic routes connecting key cities such as Almaty, Astana, Shymkent, and Aktobe.
• FlyArystan: This low-cost subsidiary of Air Astana offers affordable flights across a wide network of domestic destinations, making air travel more accessible to a broader population.
• Qazaq Air: Qazaq Air connects regional centres and smaller cities, enhancing interregional accessibility.

Road

Kazakhstan's vast landscapes are connected by a network of major road routes, making it possible to explore the country by car.

Major highways are generally well-maintained, especially between key cities like Astana and Almaty. However, roads leading to remote natural attractions can be rough and may require a vehicle with higher clearance. Fuel stations are readily available along main routes but become sparse in less populated areas, so filling up before long drives is essential. Navigation is relatively easy using mobile apps like Google Maps, though carrying an offline map or GPS device is advisable for journeys into areas with poor reception. Seasonal factors should also be considered—winter travel can be particularly challenging due to snow and icy roads, especially in mountainous regions.

Major tourist road routes include:
• Astana to Almaty, with a driving distance of 1,211 km (753 miles).
• Astana to Burabay National Park, about 250 km (155 miles).
• Almaty to Charyn Canyon, about 212 km (132 miles).
• Almaty to Kolsai Lakes, about 300 km (186 miles).

Side of the road

Car Hire

International car rental chains operate at major airports and within city centres, offering both short- and long-term rentals, as well as chauffeur-driven services and transfers.

The minimum age to rent a car in Kazakhstan typically ranges between 21 and 25 years, depending on the rental company's policy. While some companies accept domestic licences, many require an International Driving Permit (IDP) or a notarised translation of the licence into Russian.

Taxi

Taxis in Kazakhstan can be tricky to navigate, as there is no standardised taxi colour or design, making it difficult to distinguish official taxis from unlicensed ones. Meter usage is inconsistent, so it's crucial to agree on a fare before starting your journey to avoid being overcharged. Also, be cautious of potential fake meter scams. Tipping is not common for taxi services.

Rail-hailing apps like Yandex Go are available in Kazakhstan. They offer clear pricing and vehicle tracking.

Bike

The country's sheer size means that cyclists can expect long distances between settlements, especially in central and western areas dominated by semi-deserts. Popular cycling regions include the Almaty Region, offering a mix of cultural experiences and natural beauty, and the Altai Mountains, known for their challenging terrains and stunning vistas. The best time to cycle in the Altai is between July and August.

Cyclists should meticulously plan their routes, familiarise themselves with local laws and customs, and carry adequate food, water, and camping gear.

Coach

Long-distance coaches are a prevalent mode of transportation in Kazakhstan, though journey times can be extensive due to the country's size. For instance, a trip from Astana to Almaty by bus may take approximately 17 to 20 hours, and onboard amenities can vary.

Sayran Bus Station in Almaty, located at the intersection of Tole Bi and Otegen Batyr streets, is the city's primary hub for long-distance buses. It operates routes to cities such as Bishkek, Urumqi, Taraz, Shymkent, Oskemen, Karaganda, and Astana. The station offers amenities including a 24/7 luggage room and various shops.

Astana-Saparjai-1 Bus Station serves over 60 intercity, interregional, and international routes daily. It has facilities such as ticket counters, waiting areas, and eateries.

Kokshetau Central Bus Terminal, near the Kokshetau Railway Station, provides services to cities like Astana, Karaganda, Pavlodar, Petropavl, as well as international destinations including Yekaterinburg, Omsk, Tobolsk, Tyumen, Kurgan, and Bishkek.

Tickets for long-distance buses can be purchased directly at bus station counters or through online platforms such as Tickets.kz, which allows users to check schedules and book seats in advance.

Regulations

Speed limits vary depending on location, usually 60 km/h (37 mph) in urban areas, 20 km/h (12 mph) in residential zones, 90 km/h (56 mph) on rural roads, and up to 110 km/h (68 mph) on highways.

Seat belts are mandatory for drivers and front-seat passengers. The country enforces a zero-tolerance policy on alcohol consumption while driving, meaning even a small amount of alcohol in your system can result in severe penalties.

Winter tyres are not legally required, but they are highly recommended due to Kazakhstan's harsh winter conditions, where icy roads and heavy snowfall make driving extremely hazardous.

Breakdown services

There isn't a national breakdown service in Kazakhstan.

Documentation

Foreign drivers are required to carry a valid driver's license (or an IDP if the license is not in Russian or Kazakh), vehicle registration documents, proof of insurance, and their passport.

Rail

The national railway company, Kazakhstan Temir Zholy (KTZ), operates an extensive network. Popular domestic routes include:
• Almaty to Nur-Sultan (Astana).
• Almaty to Shymkent.
• Nur-Sultan to Atyrau.

Foreign travellers should consider booking train tickets in advance, especially during peak travel months (July and August). Tickets can be purchased at station counters or via Kazakhstan Temir Zholy's (KTZ) official website.

Trains offer various classes of service, ranging from basic seating to sleeper cabins, with the latter providing enhanced comfort for long journeys. Station signage is primarily in Kazakh and Russian, so learning basic Russian phrases or having a translation app is useful. Long-distance trains generally provide basic amenities, including bedding and dining cars, but travellers should carry personal essentials and snacks to ensure a comfortable journey.